The Cochrane Collaboration has restudied the efficacy of horse chestnut extract for venous insufficiency. The study was published in Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: "The evidence presented suggests that HCSE (horse chestnut seed extract) is an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for CVI (chronic venous insufficiency). However, several caveats exist and larger, definitive RCTs (randomized controlled trials) are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment option.

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Aesin (escin) is the active ingredient in horse chestnut extract.

Dr. Karamanoukian has written a book about venous insufficiency and horse chestnut extract. Contact him for a free pdf copy via his website www.VeinsVeinsVeins.com